Anatomy And Physiology Of Ear, Nose And Throat

admin Uncategorized March 18, 2018 | 0

The Ear, Nose And Throat are those organ which has some special sense and these are sensory organs. Due to Ear, Nose And Throat we are able to hear , smell and speak.

In this article we cover Anatomy And Physiology Of Ear , Nose And Throat in detail with pictures.

ANATOMY OF NOSE

The nose is the organ of smell located in the middle of the face. The internal part of the nose lies above the roof of the mouth. The nose consists of:

External meatus. Triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face.
External nostrils. Two chambers divided by the septum.
Septum. Made up primarily of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membranes. The cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose.
Nasal passages. Passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia) that help to filter the air.
Sinuses. Four pairs of air-filled cavities, also lined with mucous membranes.

anatomy of nose

What are sinuses?

The sinuses are cavities, or air-filled pockets, near the nasal passage. As in the nasal passage, the sinuses are lined with mucous membranes. There are 4 different types of sinuses:

Ethmoid sinus. This sinus is located inside the face, around the area of the bridge of the nose. It is present at birth, and continues to grow.
Maxillary sinus. This sinus is located inside the face, around the area of the cheeks. It is also present at birth, and continues to grow.
Frontal sinus. This sinus is located inside the face, in the area of the forehead. It does not develop until around 7 years of age.
Sphenoid sinus. This sinus is located deep in the face, behind the nose. It does not typically develop until adolescence.

paranasal sinus

EPISTAXIS

ANATOMY OF EAR

The ear is the organ of hearing. The ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word ear often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.

The ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and six small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes, which are derived from ectoderm.

The ear may be affected by disease, including infection and traumatic damage. Diseases of the ear may lead to hearing loss, tinnitus and balance disorders such as vertigo, although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear.

HOW DO WE HEAR ?

Hearing starts with the outer ear. When a sound is made outside the outer ear, the sound waves, or vibrations, travel down the external auditory canal and strike the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are then passed to 3 tiny bones in the middle ear called the ossicles. The ossicles amplify the sound and send the sound waves to the inner ear and into the fluid-filled hearing organ (cochlea).

Once the sound waves reach the inner ear, they are converted into electrical impulses, which the auditory nerve sends to the brain. The brain then translates these electrical impulses as sound.

ANATOMY OF EAR

EXTERNAL EAR AND TYMPANIC CAVITY

COCHLEAR IMPLANT

What is the throat?

The throat is a ring-like muscular tube that acts as the passageway for air, food, and liquid. The throat also helps in forming speech. The throat consists of:

Larynx (also known as the voice box). The larynx is a cylindrical grouping of cartilage, muscles, and soft tissue that contains the vocal cords. The vocal cords are the upper opening into the windpipe (trachea), the passageway to the lungs.
Epiglottis. A flap of soft tissue located just above the vocal cords. The epiglottis folds down over the vocal cords to prevent food and irritants from entering the lungs.
Tonsils and adenoids. They are made up of lymph tissue and are located at the back and the sides of the mouth. They protect against infection, but generally have little purpose beyond childhood.

PHARYNGEAL MEDIAN SECTION

INFECTION OF PHARYNX

MALIGNANT TUMORS OF HYPOPHARYNX

Hypo pharyngeal cancer is a term used for tumors of a subsite of the upper aerodigestive tract, and like most other subsite designations, the distinction is anatomic rather than pathophysiologic within the group of head and neck malignancies. The hypo pharynx is the region between the oropharynx above (at the level of the hyoid bone) and the esophageal inlet below (at the lower end of the cricoid cartilage). Embryologically, the larynx interjects into the hypopharynx anteriorly and is therefore considered a separate structure.

Hypo pharyngeal cancers are often named for their location, including pyriform sinus, lateral pharyngeal wall, posterior pharyngeal wall, or postcricoid pharynx (see images below). Most arise in the pyriform sinus. In the United States and Canada, 65-85% of hypo pharyngeal carcinomas involve the pyriform sinuses, 10-20% involve the posterior pharyngeal wall, and 5-15% involve the postcricoid area.

MALIGNANT TUMORS OF HYPOPHARYNX

BENIGN TUMORS OF ORAL CAVITY

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Anatomy And Physiology Of Ear, Nose And Throat